feat(migration): replace sqlx::migrate with standalone Go migrate tool

Schema is now managed by a separate Go CLI at tools/migrate/, which embeds
the SQL files copied from server/initialize/migrate/database/ and tracks
state in the shared schema_migrations table. Rust no longer owns migrations
at startup.

Rust startup:
  1. Connect to DB
  2. Probe for the `user` table (schema marker)
  3. If missing, fork-exec `ppanel-migrate up` to bring schema to v2131
  4. Create admin if not present
  5. Continue with redis/queue/scheduler

Verified:
  - Empty DB → ppanel-migrate applies all 39 migrations in ~0.4s, admin created
  - Go server's ppanel_go DB → schema detected, migrate skipped, clean start

Changes:
  - Add tools/migrate/ — Go module wrapping golang-migrate
    * migrate/migrate.go: Migrate() + RunUp() (RunUp bypasses the iofs vs
      os.ErrNotExist sentinel mismatch that breaks Up() on already-migrated DBs)
    * migrate/sql/{postgres,mysql}/: SQL files copied from server
    * cmd/migrate/main.go: CLI (up/down/version/force/drop)
  - Widen password column from varchar(100) → varchar(255) in
    00001_init_schema.up.sql to fit Rust's 112-char PBKDF2 hash
    (Rust uses 16-byte salt; Go's 8-byte salt fits in 100 but Rust's doesn't)
  - Rewrite src/migration.rs:
    * Remove sqlx::migrate!, run_migrations()
    * Add ensure_schema(db, cfg): probe + invoke ppanel-migrate subprocess
  - Fix src/db.rs::build_dsn: previously used cfg.config verbatim even when
    the default config string was for the wrong dialect (PG got MySQL's
    charset=utf8mb4 string and crashed on connect)
  - Delete old migrations/{postgres,mysql}/ (no longer used)

Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

migrations/mysql/02122_server.sql

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `server`;

migrations/mysql/02124_server_group_delete.sql

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `server_group`;

src/db.rs

@@ -39,23 +39,20 @@ pub async fn init_pool(cfg: &DatabaseConfig) -> Result<Db, sqlx::Error> {
 
 // ─── DSN builder ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-fn build_dsn(cfg: &DatabaseConfig) -> String {
+pub(crate) fn build_dsn(cfg: &DatabaseConfig) -> String {
+    let dialect = detect_dialect(cfg);
     let addr = cfg
         .addr
         .as_deref()
         .filter(|a| !a.is_empty())
-        .unwrap_or(match detect_dialect(cfg) {
+        .unwrap_or(match dialect {
             Dialect::Postgres => "localhost:5432",
             Dialect::Mysql => "localhost:3306",
         });
     let password = url_encode_password(&cfg.password);
-    let query = if cfg.config.is_empty() {
+    let query = pick_query(cfg, dialect);
-        default_query(cfg)
-    } else {
-        &cfg.config
-    };
 
-    match detect_dialect(cfg) {
+    match dialect {
         Dialect::Postgres => format!(
             "postgres://{}:{}@{}/{}?{}",
             cfg.username, password, addr, cfg.dbname, query,
@@ -71,8 +68,42 @@ fn detect_dialect(cfg: &DatabaseConfig) -> Dialect {
     Dialect::from_driver(&cfg.driver)
 }
 
-fn default_query(cfg: &DatabaseConfig) -> &'static str {
+/// Pick the URL query string for the DSN.
-    match detect_dialect(cfg) {
+///
+/// `DatabaseConfig.config` defaults to a MySQL-flavoured string
+/// (`charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=true&loc=...`), so an unset YAML field
+/// silently gives the wrong params to a Postgres connection. To stay
+/// backwards-compatible we only honour `cfg.config` when it looks
+/// compatible with the active dialect; otherwise fall back to
+/// `default_query`.
+fn pick_query(cfg: &DatabaseConfig, dialect: Dialect) -> String {
+    let raw = cfg.config.trim();
+    if !raw.is_empty() && query_matches_dialect(raw, dialect) {
+        return raw.to_string();
+    }
+    default_query(dialect).to_string()
+}
+
+fn query_matches_dialect(query: &str, dialect: Dialect) -> bool {
+    // Heuristic — MySQL uses `charset=` / `parseTime=` / `loc=`; Postgres
+    // uses `sslmode=` / `TimeZone=` / `channel_binding=`. Treat any MySQL-
+    // specific key under a Postgres dialect as a mismatch, and vice versa.
+    let q = query.to_ascii_lowercase();
+    match dialect {
+        Dialect::Postgres => {
+            !q.contains("charset=")
+                && !q.contains("parsetime=")
+                && !q.contains("&loc=")
+                && !q.starts_with("loc=")
+        }
+        Dialect::Mysql => {
+            !(q.contains("sslmode=") || q.contains("timezone=") || q.contains("channel_binding="))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_query(dialect: Dialect) -> &'static str {
+    match dialect {
         Dialect::Postgres => "sslmode=disable&TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai",
         Dialect::Mysql => "charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=true&loc=Asia%2FShanghai",
     }

src/main.rs

@@ -133,11 +133,8 @@ async fn main() {
         .expect("failed to connect to database");
     tracing::info!("database connected");
 
-    // ── Run pending migrations ──────────────────────────────────────────
+    // ── Ensure schema is present (invoke Go migrate tool if needed) ────
-    migration::run_migrations(&db)
+    migration::ensure_schema(&db, &cfg.database).await;
-        .await
-        .expect("database migration failed");
-    tracing::info!("database migrations applied");
 
     // ── Seed initial admin account if needed ────────────────────────────
     migration::create_admin_user(&db, &cfg.administrator.email, &cfg.administrator.password)

src/migration.rs

@@ -1,37 +1,166 @@
-//! Database migration runner and bootstrap utilities.
+//! Database bootstrap utilities.
 //!
-//! Embeds both MySQL and PostgreSQL migration files at compile time via
+//! Schema migrations are **not** owned by this Rust binary. They are managed by
-//! `sqlx::migrate!` and selects the correct set at runtime based on the
+//! the standalone Go tool at `tools/migrate/` (built with `go build -o ppanel-migrate ./cmd/migrate`),
-//! [`Dialect`] detected from configuration.
+//! which uses golang-migrate and tracks state in the `schema_migrations` table
+//! — the same table the Go server uses. That makes a single source of truth
+//! for schema across the Go and Rust backends.
+//!
+//! On startup, this module probes for the presence of the `user` table. If it
+//! is missing it shells out to the `ppanel-migrate` binary to bring the schema
+//! up to date, then retries the probe. If the binary is not available or fails,
+//! the process exits with a clear error message.
 //!
 //! **NOTE**: This is the Rust rewrite of the Go backend. The Go version is
 //! deprecated and will be replaced by this Rust implementation.
 
-mod mysql_migrations {
-    #![allow(unused)]
-    pub(super) const MIGRATOR: sqlx::migrate::Migrator = sqlx::migrate!("migrations/mysql");
-}
-
-mod postgres_migrations {
-    #![allow(unused)]
-    pub(super) fn migrator() -> sqlx::migrate::Migrator {
-        let mut m = sqlx::migrate!("migrations/postgres");
-        m.set_locking(false);
-        m.no_tx = true;
-        m
-    }
-}
-
 pub use crate::repository::Dialect;
 
+use crate::config::DatabaseConfig;
+use crate::db::build_dsn;
 use crate::repository::Db;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::process::Command;
 
-/// Run all pending migrations for the detected database dialect.
+/// Find a probe table whose existence implies "the schema is at least migration 2131".
-pub async fn run_migrations(db: &Db) -> Result<(), sqlx::migrate::MigrateError> {
+///
+/// `user` is created in `00001_init_schema.up.sql` and only ever dropped in
+/// drop-style migrations that immediately re-create it (or are no-ops on top
+/// of a fresh database), so its presence is a reliable schema-marker.
+const SCHEMA_MARKER_TABLE: &str = "user";
+
+/// Returns `Ok(true)` if the schema marker table is present and queryable,
+/// `Ok(false)` if the table is missing, and `Err` for any other database error.
+async fn schema_present(db: &Db) -> Result<bool, sqlx::Error> {
     match db {
-        Db::Postgres(pool) => postgres_migrations::migrator().run(pool).await,
+        Db::Postgres(pool) => {
-        Db::Mysql(pool) => mysql_migrations::MIGRATOR.run(pool).await,
+            let row: Option<(bool,)> = sqlx::query_as(
+                r#"SELECT EXISTS (
+                       SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.tables
+                       WHERE table_schema = 'public' AND table_name = $1
+                   )"#,
+            )
+            .bind(SCHEMA_MARKER_TABLE)
+            .fetch_optional(pool)
+            .await?;
+            Ok(row.map(|(b,)| b).unwrap_or(false))
         }
+        Db::Mysql(pool) => {
+            let row: Option<(i64,)> = sqlx::query_as(
+                r#"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.tables
+                   WHERE table_schema = DATABASE() AND table_name = ?"#,
+            )
+            .bind(SCHEMA_MARKER_TABLE)
+            .fetch_optional(pool)
+            .await?;
+            Ok(row.map(|(n,)| n > 0).unwrap_or(false))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Ensure the database schema is present, invoking the `ppanel-migrate` tool
+/// if needed. Returns successfully if the schema is at (or beyond) the
+/// tool's latest migration, otherwise exits the process with a clear error.
+pub async fn ensure_schema(db: &Db, cfg: &DatabaseConfig) {
+    match schema_present(db).await {
+        Ok(true) => {
+            tracing::info!("schema marker table present, skipping migration tool");
+            return;
+        }
+        Ok(false) => {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "schema marker table `{}` not found — invoking ppanel-migrate to initialise the schema",
+                SCHEMA_MARKER_TABLE
+            );
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::error!("failed to probe schema marker: {e}");
+            // Don't bail out yet — the migration tool itself might still succeed
+            // (e.g. the database is reachable, just has no tables).
+        }
+    }
+
+    run_migrate_tool(cfg).await;
+    // Re-probe to confirm the schema is actually present now.
+    match schema_present(db).await {
+        Ok(true) => tracing::info!("schema initialised successfully"),
+        Ok(false) => panic!(
+            "ppanel-migrate ran but schema marker `{}` is still missing",
+            SCHEMA_MARKER_TABLE
+        ),
+        Err(e) => panic!("schema marker probe failed after ppanel-migrate: {e}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve the path to the `ppanel-migrate` binary.
+///
+/// Search order:
+/// 1. `${PPANEL_MIGRATE_BIN}` if set.
+/// 2. Next to the current executable (`./ppanel-migrate`).
+/// 3. One level up from the executable (cargo puts the binary in target/release/;
+///    the migrate tool often lives at tools/migrate/ppanel-migrate).
+/// 4. `$PATH` (via Command's default lookup).
+fn locate_migrate_bin() -> PathBuf {
+    if let Ok(p) = std::env::var("PPANEL_MIGRATE_BIN") {
+        return PathBuf::from(p);
+    }
+    if let Ok(exe) = std::env::current_exe() {
+        if let Some(dir) = exe.parent() {
+            let candidate = dir.join("ppanel-migrate");
+            if candidate.is_file() {
+                return candidate;
+            }
+            if let Some(parent) = dir.parent() {
+                let candidate = parent.join("ppanel-migrate");
+                if candidate.is_file() {
+                    return candidate;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    PathBuf::from("ppanel-migrate")
+}
+
+async fn run_migrate_tool(cfg: &DatabaseConfig) {
+    let bin = locate_migrate_bin();
+    let driver = match cfg.driver.as_str() {
+        "mysql" => "mysql",
+        _ => "postgres",
+    };
+    let dsn = build_dsn(cfg);
+
+    tracing::info!(driver, bin = %bin.display(), "running ppanel-migrate up");
+
+    // Run the migrate tool synchronously — it must complete before we serve
+    // any traffic. Failures are fatal.
+    let output = Command::new(&bin)
+        .arg("-driver")
+        .arg(driver)
+        .arg("-dsn")
+        .arg(&dsn)
+        .arg("up")
+        .output()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+            panic!(
+                "failed to execute ppanel-migrate at {}: {e}. \
+                 Build it with `go build -o ppanel-migrate ./cmd/migrate` \
+                 from ppanel-backend/tools/migrate, or set $PPANEL_MIGRATE_BIN",
+                bin.display(),
+            )
+        });
+
+    if !output.status.success() {
+        let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout);
+        let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
+        panic!(
+            "ppanel-migrate exited with status {}: {}{}{}",
+            output.status,
+            stdout,
+            if !stdout.is_empty() && !stderr.is_empty() { "\n" } else { "" },
+            stderr,
+        );
+    }
+    tracing::info!("ppanel-migrate completed");
 }
 
 // ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
@@ -64,7 +193,6 @@ async fn create_admin_user_pg(
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp_millis();
     let now_ts = chrono::Utc::now(); // chrono::DateTime<Utc> -> PG timestamp
     let password_hash = hash_password_pbkdf2(password);
     let refer_code = generate_invite_code();
@@ -193,8 +321,3 @@ fn hash_password_pbkdf2(password: &str) -> String {
 fn generate_invite_code() -> String {
     format!("u{}", &uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string().replace('-', "")[..12])
 }
-
-// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-//  Bootstrap: initial admin account
-// ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-

tools/migrate/cmd/migrate/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// ppanel-migrate is a standalone CLI for managing PPanel database schema.
+//
+// It uses the migrate package (copied from server/initialize/migrate) which embeds
+// the SQL migration files and applies them via golang-migrate. Tracks state in the
+// schema_migrations table — the same table the Go server uses — so the Rust
+// ppanel-backend can attach to a database that was already initialised by either tool.
+//
+// Usage:
+//
+//	ppanel-migrate -driver=postgres -dsn="postgres://..." up
+//	ppanel-migrate -driver=postgres -dsn="postgres://..." version
+//	ppanel-migrate -driver=postgres -dsn="postgres://..." force 2131
+package main
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+
+	gomigrate "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4"
+
+	ppmigrate "github.com/perfect-panel/ppanel-backend/tools/migrate/migrate"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	var (
+		driver  = flag.String("driver", "postgres", "Database driver: postgres | mysql")
+		dsn     = flag.String("dsn", "", "Database DSN. URL scheme (postgres:// | mysql://) is auto-prepended if absent.")
+		verbose = flag.Bool("v", false, "Verbose logging")
+	)
+	flag.Usage = func() {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "ppanel-migrate: standalone PPanel schema migration tool\n\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Usage: ppanel-migrate -driver=<postgres|mysql> -dsn=<dsn> <command> [args]\n\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Commands:\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "  up [N]            Apply all (or N) pending migrations\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "  down [N]          Roll back one (or N) migration\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "  version           Print current schema version\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "  force <version>   Mark database at <version> without running migrations\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "  drop              Drop every object in the database (dangerous)\n\n")
+		flag.PrintDefaults()
+	}
+	flag.Parse()
+
+	if *dsn == "" {
+		flag.Usage()
+		os.Exit(2)
+	}
+	if *verbose {
+		log.SetFlags(log.LstdFlags | log.Lmicroseconds)
+	}
+
+	cmd := flag.Arg(0)
+	sess := ppmigrate.Migrate(*driver, *dsn)
+	m := sess.Migrate
+
+	switch cmd {
+	case "", "up":
+		if err := ppmigrate.RunUp(sess); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gomigrate.ErrNoChange) {
+			log.Fatalf("up: %v", err)
+		}
+		reportVersion(m)
+
+	case "down":
+		n := -parseStep(flag.Arg(1))
+		if err := m.Steps(n); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gomigrate.ErrNoChange) {
+			log.Fatalf("down: %v", err)
+		}
+		reportVersion(m)
+
+	case "version":
+		v, dirty, err := m.Version()
+		if errors.Is(err, gomigrate.ErrNilVersion) {
+			fmt.Println("no schema_migrations row (database is empty / not yet migrated)")
+			os.Exit(0)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("version: %v", err)
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("version=%d dirty=%v\n", v, dirty)
+
+	case "force":
+		v, err := strconv.Atoi(flag.Arg(1))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("force: bad version %q: %v", flag.Arg(1), err)
+		}
+		if err := m.Force(v); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("force %d: %v", v, err)
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("forced to version %d\n", v)
+
+	case "drop":
+		log.Println("WARNING: dropping all database objects")
+		if err := m.Drop(); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("drop: %v", err)
+		}
+		fmt.Println("dropped")
+
+	default:
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unknown command %q\n\n", cmd)
+		flag.Usage()
+		os.Exit(2)
+	}
+}
+
+func parseStep(s string) int {
+	if s == "" {
+		return 1
+	}
+	n, err := strconv.Atoi(s)
+	if err != nil || n <= 0 {
+		log.Fatalf("step must be a positive integer, got %q", s)
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+func reportVersion(m *gomigrate.Migrate) {
+	v, dirty, err := m.Version()
+	if errors.Is(err, gomigrate.ErrNilVersion) {
+		fmt.Println("no schema_migrations row (empty database)")
+		return
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("version: %v", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("schema_migrations: version=%d dirty=%v\n", v, dirty)
+}

tools/migrate/go.mod

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+module github.com/perfect-panel/ppanel-backend/tools/migrate
+
+go 1.25.0
+
+require github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4 v4.19.1
+
+require (
+	filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1 // indirect
+	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9 // indirect
+)

tools/migrate/go.sum

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 h1:FNf4tywRC1HmFuKW5xopWpigGjJKiJSV0Cqo0cJWDaA=
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+github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
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+github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9/go.mod h1:AlVN5x4E4T544tWzH6hKfbfQvm3HdbOxrmggDNAPY9o=
+github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 h1:jMKff3w6PgbfSa69GfNg+zN/XLhfXJGnEx3Nl2EsFP0=
+github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1/go.mod h1:eKmb5VW8vQEh/BAr2yvVNvuiJuY6UIocYsFu/DxxRpo=
+github.com/moby/term v0.5.0 h1:xt8Q1nalod/v7BqbG21f8mQPqH+xAaC9C3N3wfWbVP0=
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+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.61.0/go.mod h1:UHB22Z8QsdRDrnAtX4PntOl36ajSxcdUMt1sF7Y6E7Q=
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+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=

tools/migrate/migrate/migrate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+package migrate
+
+import (
+	"embed"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"regexp"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4"
+	_ "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/mysql"
+	_ "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/postgres"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/source/iofs"
+)
+
+//go:embed sql/postgres/*.sql sql/mysql/*.sql
+var sqlFiles embed.FS
+
+// NoChange is re-exported so callers don't have to import golang-migrate directly.
+var NoChange = migrate.ErrNoChange
+
+// Session bundles a configured golang-migrate instance alongside the parsed
+// source-version list so callers can introspect what migrations exist.
+type Session struct {
+	Migrate  *migrate.Migrate
+	Versions []uint // sorted ascending; all .up.sql versions found in source
+}
+
+// Migrate returns a configured golang-migrate instance that reads SQL files from
+// the embedded sql/{postgres,mysql}/ directories, based on the requested driver.
+//
+// driver: "postgres" or "mysql"
+// dsn:    golang-migrate URL (e.g. postgres://user:pass@host:port/db?sslmode=disable).
+//
+// If dsn does not include a URL scheme, the driver is prepended automatically.
+func Migrate(driver, dsn string) *Session {
+	sourcePath := "sql/postgres"
+	databaseURL := dsn
+	switch driver {
+	case "mysql":
+		sourcePath = "sql/mysql"
+		databaseURL = ensureScheme("mysql://", dsn)
+	case "postgres":
+		databaseURL = ensureScheme("postgres://", dsn)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("[Migrate] unsupported database driver: %s", driver))
+	}
+	d, err := iofs.New(sqlFiles, sourcePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("[Migrate] iofs.New error: %v", err))
+	}
+	client, err := migrate.NewWithSourceInstance("iofs", d, databaseURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("[Migrate] NewWithSourceInstance error: %v", err))
+	}
+	return &Session{
+		Migrate:  client,
+		Versions: scanVersions(sourcePath),
+	}
+}
+
+// sourceVersionRe matches migration filenames like "02131_xxx.up.sql" / ".down.sql".
+var sourceVersionRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^([0-9]+)_[^.]+\.(up|down)\.sql$`)
+
+// scanVersions lists all up-version numbers present in the embedded source dir.
+func scanVersions(sourcePath string) []uint {
+	entries, err := sqlFiles.ReadDir(sourcePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("[scanVersions] read %s: %w", sourcePath, err))
+	}
+	seen := map[uint]struct{}{}
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		m := sourceVersionRe.FindStringSubmatch(e.Name())
+		if m == nil || m[2] != "up" {
+			continue
+		}
+		v, err := strconv.ParseUint(m[1], 10, 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[uint(v)] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	out := make([]uint, 0, len(seen))
+	for v := range seen {
+		out = append(out, v)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(out, func(i, j int) bool { return out[i] < out[j] })
+	return out
+}
+
+// RunUp applies all pending migrations. Unlike m.Up(), it correctly handles the
+// "database is already at the latest version" case under the iofs source driver —
+// whose Next() / ReadUp() methods return fs.ErrNotExist rather than the
+// os.ErrNotExist sentinel that golang-migrate's internal logic checks for.
+//
+// Returns migrate.ErrNoChange if there is nothing to apply.
+func RunUp(s *Session) error {
+	if len(s.Versions) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no migration files embedded")
+	}
+	srcLast := s.Versions[len(s.Versions)-1]
+
+	dbVer, _, err := s.Migrate.Version()
+	if errors.Is(err, migrate.ErrNilVersion) {
+		// Empty DB — apply everything from the top.
+		return s.Migrate.Up()
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if uint(dbVer) >= srcLast {
+		// DB already at or beyond the latest source version. Nothing to do.
+		return migrate.ErrNoChange
+	}
+
+	steps := int(srcLast - uint(dbVer))
+	return s.Migrate.Steps(steps)
+}
+
+func ensureScheme(scheme, dsn string) string {
+	if strings.Contains(dsn, "://") {
+		return dsn
+	}
+	return scheme + dsn
+}
+
+// keep imports referenced (io/fs and os are used elsewhere via errors.Is)
+var _ = fs.ErrNotExist
+var _ = os.ErrNotExist

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/00001_init_schema.up.sql

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+-- 000001_init_schema.up.sql
 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;
 
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ads`
@@ -552,4 +553,3 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `server_rule_group`
 
 
 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/00002_init_basic_data.up.sql

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+-- 000002_init_data.up.sql
 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;
 
 -- auth_method

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02005_device_online_record.up.sql

@@ -67,4 +67,3 @@ SET @sql = IF(@column_exists = 0,
 PREPARE stmt FROM @sql;
 EXECUTE stmt;
 DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02006_reset_subscribe_record.up.sql

@@ -15,4 +15,3 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `user_reset_subscribe_log`
 ) ENGINE = InnoDB
   DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8mb4
   COLLATE = utf8mb4_general_ci;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02100_task.up.sql

@@ -21,4 +21,3 @@ CREATE TABLE `email_task` (
 ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;
 
 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02105_node.up.sql

@@ -26,4 +26,3 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `nodes` (
      `updated_at` datetime(3) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Update Time',
      PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
 ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_general_ci;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02106_subscribe.up.sql

@@ -5,4 +5,3 @@ DROP COLUMN `server`,
 DROP COLUMN `server_group`;
 
 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `server_rule_group`;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02108_user_referral.up.sql

@@ -5,4 +5,3 @@ ALTER TABLE `user`
     ADD COLUMN `only_first_purchase` TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 1
       COMMENT 'Only First Purchase'
       AFTER `referral_percentage`;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02110_traffic_log_index.up.sql

@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 CREATE INDEX idx_traffic_log_time_user_sub ON traffic_log (timestamp, user_id, subscribe_id);
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02115_ads.up.sql

@@ -18,4 +18,3 @@ SET
 PREPARE stmt FROM @query;
 EXECUTE stmt;
 DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02116_user_algo.up.sql

@@ -33,4 +33,3 @@ SET @sql = (
 PREPARE stmt FROM @sql;
 EXECUTE stmt;
 DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02117_site_custom_data.up.sql

@@ -5,4 +5,3 @@ SELECT 'site', 'CustomData', '{
     WHERE NOT EXISTS (
     SELECT 1 FROM `system` WHERE `category` = 'site' AND `key` = 'CustomData'
 );
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02118_traffic_log_idx.up.sql

@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 ALTER TABLE traffic_log ADD INDEX idx_timestamp (timestamp);
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02119_user_subscribe_note.up.sql

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@ ALTER TABLE `user_subscribe`
 ADD COLUMN `note` VARCHAR(500) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
   COMMENT 'User note for subscription'
   AFTER `status`;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02120_user_rules.up.sql

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@ ALTER TABLE `user`
     ADD COLUMN `rules` TEXT NULL
   COMMENT 'User rules for subscription'
   AFTER `created_at`;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02122_server.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `server`;

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02123_subscribe_original.up.sql

@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 ALTER TABLE `subscribe`
     ADD COLUMN `show_original_price` TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT 'display the original price: 0 not display, 1 display'  AFTER `created_at`;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02124_server_group_delete.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `server_group`;

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02126_system_log_idx.up.sql

@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 CREATE INDEX idx_type_date ON system_logs (type, date);
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02127_search_indexes.up.sql

@@ -129,4 +129,3 @@ SET @sql = IF(@index_exists = 0,
 PREPARE stmt FROM @sql;
 EXECUTE stmt;
 DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02128_server_config_override.up.sql

@@ -13,4 +13,3 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `server_config_overrides`
 ) ENGINE = InnoDB
   DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8mb4
   COLLATE = utf8mb4_general_ci;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02129_payment_sort.up.sql

@@ -19,4 +19,3 @@ DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
 UPDATE `payment`
 SET `sort` = `id`
 WHERE `sort` = 0;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02130_subscribe_tutorial.up.sql

@@ -3,4 +3,3 @@ SELECT 'subscribe', 'ShowTutorial', 'true', 'bool', 'Show tutorial section on th
     WHERE NOT EXISTS (
     SELECT 1 FROM `system` WHERE `category` = 'subscribe' AND `key` = 'ShowTutorial'
 );
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/mysql/02131_timestamptz_last_reported_at.up.sql

@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 -- The Go code fix (serverPushStatusLogic.go, serverPushUserTrafficLogic.go)
 -- removing .UTC() is sufficient for MySQL environments.
 SELECT 1;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/postgres/00001_init_schema.up.sql

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+-- 000001_init_schema.up.sql
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "ads"
 (
     "id"         BIGINT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY NOT NULL,
@@ -455,4 +456,3 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "server_rule_group"
     PRIMARY KEY ("id"),
     CONSTRAINT "unique_name" UNIQUE ("name")
 );
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/postgres/00002_init_basic_data.up.sql

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+-- 000002_init_data.up.sql
 -- auth_method
 INSERT INTO "auth_method" ("id", "method", "config", "enabled", "created_at", "updated_at")
 VALUES
@@ -113,4 +114,3 @@ VALUES (1, 'site', 'SiteLogo', '/favicon.svg', 'string', 'Site Logo', '2025-04-2
 SELECT setval(pg_get_serial_sequence('"auth_method"', 'id'), COALESCE((SELECT MAX("id") FROM "auth_method"), 1), true);
 SELECT setval(pg_get_serial_sequence('"subscribe_type"', 'id'), COALESCE((SELECT MAX("id") FROM "subscribe_type"), 1), true);
 SELECT setval(pg_get_serial_sequence('"system"', 'id'), COALESCE((SELECT MAX("id") FROM "system"), 1), true);
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/postgres/02003_update_payment.up.sql

@@ -4,4 +4,3 @@ ALTER TABLE "payment" ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS "platform" VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL
 ALTER TABLE "payment" DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS "mark";
 ALTER TABLE "payment" ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS "description" TEXT;
 ALTER TABLE "payment" ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS "token" VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT NULL;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/postgres/02004_rebuild_rule.up.sql

@@ -17,4 +17,3 @@ CREATE TABLE "server_rule_group"
     CONSTRAINT "uni_server_rule_group_name" UNIQUE ("name")
 );
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS "server_rule_group_idx_enable" ON "server_rule_group" ("enable");
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/postgres/02005_device_online_record.up.sql

@@ -13,4 +13,3 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "user_device_online_record"
 ALTER TABLE "user_subscribe" ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS "finished_at" TIMESTAMP NULL;
 ALTER TABLE "application_config" ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS "invitation_link" TEXT NULL DEFAULT NULL;
 ALTER TABLE "application_config" ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS "kr_website_id" VARCHAR(255) NULL DEFAULT NULL;
-

tools/migrate/migrate/sql/postgres/02006_reset_subscribe_record.up.sql

@@ -13,4 +13,3 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "user_reset_subscribe_log"
 );
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS "user_reset_subscribe_log_idx_user_id" ON "user_reset_subscribe_log" ("user_id");
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS "user_reset_subscribe_log_idx_user_subscribe_id" ON "user_reset_subscribe_log" ("user_subscribe_id");
-